Ruby on Rails 3.1 Release Notes

Ruby on Rails 3.1 Release Notes

Highlights in Rails 3.1:

Rails中的亮点：

• Streaming 流
• Reversible Migrations 可逆（数据）迁移
• Assets Pipeline Assets管道
• jQuery as the default JavaScript library 以jQuery作为默认的 JavaScript library

This release notes cover the major changes, but don’t include every little bug fix and change. If you want to see everything, check out the listofcommits in the main Rails repository on GitHub.

这次发行notes涵盖了主要的changes，但是没有包含每个很little的bug修复和chage。如果你希望看到所有的事情，检查Rails 的GitHub主代码仓库中的listofcommits。

1 Upgrading to Rails 3.1升级到Rails 3.1

If you’re upgrading an existing application, it’s a great idea to have good test coverage before going in. You should also first upgrade to Rails 3 in case you haven’t and make sure your application still runs as expected before attempting to update to Rails 3.1. Then take heed of the following changes:

如果你打算升级一个存在的应用程序，在开始进入升级的时候有一个很好的测试覆盖是一个好主意。你还应该首先升级到Rails 3以防止你并没有确保你的应用程序在企图升级到Rails 3.1之前能够预计到升级后仍然能够运行。然后留意随后（介绍）的changes：

1.1 Rails 3.1 requires at least Ruby 1.8.7

Rails 3.1 requires Ruby 1.8.7 or higher. Support for all of the previous Ruby versions has been dropped officially and you should upgrade as early as possible. Rails 3.1 is also compatible with Ruby 1.9.2.

Rails 3.1需要至少Ruby 1.8.7或者更高。曾经支持的所有的早先的Ruby版本被正式取消，你需要尽快升级。Rails 3.1同时也与Ruby 1.9.2兼容。

Note that Ruby 1.8.7 p248 and p249 have marshaling bugs that crash Rails. Ruby Enterprise Edition have these fixed since release 1.8.7-2010.02 though. On the 1.9 front, Ruby 1.9.1 is not usable because it outright segfaults, so if you want to use 1.9.x jump on 1.9.2 for smooth sailing.

注意Ruby 1.8.7 p248和p249有marshaling bugs其与Rails冲突。Ruby企业版自1.8.7-2010.02 发行版已经修复了这些bug。在以1.9开头的ruby，Ruby 1.9.1是不可用的因为it outright segfaults，因此如果你想使用1.9.x可以平稳的跳至1.9.2

2 Creating a Rails 3.1 application

You should have the ‘rails’ rubygem installed

$ rails new myapp

$ cd myapp

2.1 Vendoring Gems

Rails now uses a Gemfile in the application root to determine the gems you require for your application to start. This Gemfile is processed by the Bundler gem, which then installs all your dependencies. It can even install all the dependencies locally to your application so that it doesn’t depend on the system gems.

Rails现在使用一个位于应用程序根目录的Gemfile文件来决定使你开始你的应用程序的require。这个Gemfile文件被Bundler gem加工生成，它会随后安装你所有的依赖。它甚至可以以你的应用程序为locally安装依赖，使得你的应用程序不用依赖系统gems。

 

vendor/

A place for all third-party code. In a typical Rails application, this includes Ruby Gems, the Rails source code (if you install it into your project) and plugins containing additional prepackaged functionality.放置第三方代码的地方。在一个典型的Rails应用程序中，这里包含Ruby Gems，Rails源代码（如果你把Rails安装到你的项目中）还包含一些预先包装好的额外的插件

More information: – bundlerhomepage

2.2 Living on the Edge

Bundler and Gemfile makes freezing your Rails application easy as pie with the new dedicated bundle command. If you want to bundle straight from the Git repository, you can pass the —edge flag:

Bundler和Gemfile通过新的专用bundle 命令来冻结你的应用程序就像吃馅饼一样简单。如果你想直接从Git仓库bundle，你可以通过—edge flag：

$ rails new myapp —edge

If you have a local checkout of the Rails repository and want to generate an application using that, you can pass the —dev flag:

如果你有一个从Rails源代码仓库checkout的本地Rails并且你想生成一个应用程序使用（上面的方法）你可以通过—dev 标志：

$ ruby /path/to/rails/bin/rails new myapp —dev

3 Rails Architectural建筑的Changes

3.1 Assets Pipeline

The major change in Rails 3.1 is the Assets Pipeline. It makes CSS and JavaScript first-class code citizens and enables proper organization, including use in plugins and engines.

在Rails 3.1中主要的更改就是Assets Pipeline（管道）。它使得CSS和JavaScript 一流的代码公民可以合适的组织他们，包含使用pluginis和engines。

The assets pipeline is powered by Sprockets and is covered in the AssetPipeline guide.

3.2 HTTP Streaming

HTTP Streaming is another change that is new in Rails 3.1. This lets the browser download your stylesheets and JavaScript files while the server is still generating the response. This requires Ruby 1.9.2, is opt-in and requires support from the web server as well, but the popular combo of nginx and unicorn is ready to take advantage of it.

HTTP Streaming是Rails 3.1另一更改。这使得浏览器下载你的stylesheets和JavaSript文件即使服务器仍然在响应。这需要Ruby 1.9.2，它是需要从服务器中选择以及服务器同样支持HTTP Streaming，但是受欢迎的nginx和unicom组织已经准备advantage HTTP Streaming。

3.3 Default JS library is now jQuery

jQuery is the default JavaScript library that ships with Rails 3.1. But if you use Prototype, it’s simple to switch.

Jquey是默认的JavaScript library搭载在Rrails 3.1.但是如果你使用Prototype，它更改很简单。

$ rails new myapp -j prototype

3.4 Identity Map 身份map

Active Record has an Identity Map in Rails 3.1. An identity map keeps previously instantiated records and returns the object associated with the record if accessed again. The identity map is created on a per-request basis and is flushed at request completion.

Rails 3.1的Active Record有一个Indentity Map。一个identity map保留先前的实例化的记录并且如果再次访问返回记录的对象的关系。Indentity map是基于每个请求创建的并且在请求完成刷新。

Rails 3.1 comes with the identity map turned off by default.

Rails 3.1默认Identity map是关闭的。

4 Railties

• jQuery is the new default JavaScript library.

Jquey是新的默认的JavaScript library。

• jQuery and Prototype are no longer vendored and is provided from now on by the jquery-rails and prototype-rails gems.

jQuey和Prototype不再vendored并且从现在开始提供的是jquery-rails and prototype-rails gems。

• The application generator accepts an option -j which can be an arbitrary string. If passed “foo”, the gem “foo-rails” is added to the Gemfile, and the application JavaScript manifest requires “foo” and “foo_ujs”. Currently only “prototype-rails” and “jquery-rails” exist and provide those files via the asset pipeline.

应用程序创建器接受一个选项-j其可以是任意字符串。如果传递“foo”，gem “foo-rails”就被添加到Gemfile，并且应用程序的JavaScript manifest requires “foo” and “foo_ujs”。当前只有 “prototype-rails” and “jquery-rails”存在并且通过asset pipeline提供这些文件。

• Generating an application or a plugin runs bundle install unless –skip-gemfile or –skip-bundle is specified.

生成一个应用程序或者一个plugin运行bundle install除非—skip-gemfile或者—skip-bundle被指定

• The controller and resource generators will now automatically produce asset stubs (this can be turned off with –skip-assets). These stubs will use CoffeeScript and Sass, if those libraries are available.

Controller和resource创建器将会自动的产生asset stubs(this can be turned off with —skip-assets)。这些stub将会使用CoffeeScript and Sass，如果这些libraries是可用的。

• Scaffold and app generators use the Ruby 1.9 style hash when running on Ruby 1.9. To generate old style hash, –old-style-hash can be passed.

• Scaffold controller generator creates format block for JSON instead of XML.

• Active Record logging is directed to STDOUT and shown inline in the console.

• Added config.force_ssl configuration which loads Rack::SSL middleware and force all requests to be under HTTPS protocol.

• Added rails plugin new command which generates a Rails plugin with gemspec, tests and a dummy application for testing.

• Added Rack::Etag and Rack::ConditionalGet to the default middleware stack.

• Added Rack::Cache to the default middleware stack.

• Engines received a major update – You can mount them at any path, enable assets, run generators etc.

5 Action Pack

5.1 Action Controller

• A warning is given out if the CSRF token authenticity cannot be verified.

• Specify force_ssl in a controller to force the browser to transfer data via HTTPS protocol on that particular controller. To limit to specific actions, :only or :except can be used.

• Sensitive query string parameters specified in config.filter_parameters will now be filtered out from the request paths in the log.

• URL parameters which return nil for to_param are now removed from the query string.

• Added ActionController::ParamsWrapper to wrap parameters into a nested hash, and will be turned on for JSON request in new applications by default. This can be customized in config/initializers/wrap_parameters.rb.

• Added config.action_controller.include_all_helpers. By default helper :all is done in ActionController::Base, which includes all the helpers by default. Setting include_all_helpers to false will result in including only application_helper and the helper corresponding to controller (like foo_helper for foo_controller).

• url_for and named url helpers now accept :subdomain and :domain as options.

• Added Base.http_basic_authenticate_with to do simple http basic authentication with a single class method call.

class PostsController < ApplicationController

USER_NAME, PASSWORD = “dhh”, “secret”

 

before_filter :authenticate, :except => [ :index ]

 

def index

render :text => “Everyone can see me!”

end

 

def edit

render :text => “I’m only accessible if you know the password”

end

 

private

def authenticate

authenticate_or_request_with_http_basic do |user_name, password|

user_name == USER_NAME && password == PASSWORD

end

end

end

..can now be written as

class PostsController < ApplicationController

http_basic_authenticate_with :name => “dhh”, :password => “secret”, :except => :index

 

def index

render :text => “Everyone can see me!”

end

 

def edit

render :text => “I’m only accessible if you know the password”

end

end

Added streaming support, you can enable it with:

class PostsController < ActionController::Base

stream

end

You can restrict限制it to some actions by using :only or :except. Please read the docs at ActionController::Streaming for more information.

• The redirect route method now also accepts a hash of options which will only change the parts of the url in question, or an object which responds to call, allowing for redirects to be reused.

5.2 Action Dispatch

• config.action_dispatch.x_sendfile_header now defaults to nil and config/environments/production.rb doesn’t set any particular value for it. This allows servers to set it through X-Sendfile-Type.

• ActionDispatch::MiddlewareStack now uses composition组成over inheritance and is no longer an array.

• Added ActionDispatch::Request.ignore_accept_header to ignore accept headers.

• Added Rack::Cache to the default stack.

• Moved etag responsibility from ActionDispatch::Response to the middleware stack.

• Rely on Rack::Session stores API for more compatibility across the Ruby world. This is backwards incompatible since Rack::Session expects #get_session to accept four arguments and requires #destroy_session instead of simply #destroy.

• Template lookup now searches further up in the inheritance chain.

5.3 Action View

• Added an :authenticity_token option to form_tag for custom handling or to omit the token by passing :authenticity_token => false.

• Created ActionView::Renderer and specified an API for ActionView::Context.

• In place SafeBuffer mutation is prohibited禁止in Rails 3.1.

• Added HTML5 button_tag helper.

• file_field automatically adds :multipart => true to the enclosing form.

• Added a convenience idiom to generate HTML5 data-* attributes in tag helpers from a :data hash of options:

tag(“div”, :data => {:name => ‘Stephen’, :city_state => %w(Chicago IL)})

=> <div data-name=“Stephen” data-city-state=“[&quot;Chicago&quot;,&quot;IL&quot;]” />

Keys are dasherized. Values are JSON-encoded, except for strings and symbols.

• csrf_meta_tag is renamed to csrf_meta_tags and aliases csrf_meta_tag for backwards compatibility.

• The old template handler API is deprecated and the new API simply requires a template handler to respond to call.

• rhtml and rxml are finally removed as template handlers.

• config.action_view.cache_template_loading is brought back which allows to decide whether templates should be cached or not.

• The submit form helper does not generate an id “object_name_id” anymore.

• Allows FormHelper#form_for to specify the :method as a direct option instead of through the :html hash. form_for(@post, remote: true, method: :delete) instead of form_for(@post, remote: true, html: { method: :delete }).

• Provided JavaScriptHelper#j() as an alias for JavaScriptHelper#escape_javascript(). This supersedes the Object#j() method that the JSON gem adds within templates using the JavaScriptHelper.

• Allows AM/PM format in datetime selectors.

• auto_link has been removed from Rails and extracted into the rails_autolinkgem

6 Active Record

• Added a class method pluralize_table_names to singularize/pluralize复数table names of individual models. Previously this could only be set globally for all models through ActiveRecord::Base.pluralize_table_names.

class User < ActiveRecord::Base

self.pluralize_table_names = false

end

• Added block setting of attributes to singular associations. The block will get called after the instance is initialized

class User < ActiveRecord::Base

has_one :account

end

 

user.build_account{ |a| a.credit_limit => 100.0 }

• Added ActiveRecord::Base.attribute_names to return a list of attribute names. This will return an empty array if the model is abstract or the table does not exist.

• CSV Fixtures are deprecated and support will be removed in Rails 3.2.0.

• ActiveRecord#new, ActiveRecord#create and ActiveRecord#update_attributes all accept a second hash as an option that allows you to specify which role to consider when assigning attributes. This is built on top of Active Model’s new mass assignment capabilities:

class Post < ActiveRecord::Base

attr_accessible :title

attr_accessible :title, :published_at, :as => :admin

end

 

Post.new(params[:post], :as => :admin)

• default_scope can now take a block, lambda, or any other object which responds to call for lazy evaluation.

• Default scopes are now evaluated at the latest possible moment, to avoid problems where scopes would be created which would implicitly contain the default scope, which would then be impossible to get rid of via Model.unscoped.

• PostgreSQL adapter only supports PostgreSQL version 8.2 and higher.

• ConnectionManagement middleware is changed to clean up the connection pool after the rack body has been flushed.

• Added an update_column method on Active Record. This new method updates a given attribute on an object, skipping validations and callbacks. It is recommended to use update_attribute unless you are sure you do not want to execute any callback, including the modification of the updated_at column. It should not be called on new records.

• Associations with a :through option can now use any association as the through or source association, including other associations which have a :through option and has_and_belongs_to_many associations.

• The configuration for the current database connection is now accessible via ActiveRecord::Base.connection_config.

• limits and offsets are removed from COUNT queries unless both are supplied.

People.limit(1).count # => ‘SELECT COUNT(*) FROM people’

People.offset(1).count # => ‘SELECT COUNT(*) FROM people’

People.limit(1).offset(1).count # => ‘SELECT COUNT(*) FROM people LIMIT 1 OFFSET 1’

• ActiveRecord::Associations::AssociationProxy has been split. There is now an Association class (and subclasses) which are responsible for operating on associations, and then a separate, thin wrapper called CollectionProxy, which proxies collection associations. This prevents namespace pollution, separates concerns, and will allow further refactorings.

• Singular associations (has_one, belongs_to) no longer have a proxy and simply returns the associated record or nil. This means that you should not use undocumented methods such as bob.mother.create – use bob.create_mother instead.

• Support the :dependent option on has_many :through associations. For historical and practical reasons, :delete_all is the default deletion strategy employed by association.delete(*records), despite the fact that the default strategy is :nullify for regular has_many. Also, this only works at all if the source reflection is a belongs_to. For other situations, you should directly modify the through association.

• The behavior of association.destroy for has_and_belongs_to_many and has_many :through is changed. From now on, ‘destroy’ or ‘delete’ on an association will be taken to mean ‘get rid of the link’, not (necessarily) ‘get rid of the associated records’.

• Previously, has_and_belongs_to_many.destroy(*records) would destroy the records themselves. It would not delete any records in the join table. Now, it deletes the records in the join table.

• Previously, has_many_through.destroy(*records) would destroy the records themselves, and the records in the join table. [Note: This has not always been the case; previous version of Rails only deleted the records themselves.] Now, it destroys only the records in the join table.

• Note that this change is backwards-incompatible to an extent, but there is unfortunately no way to ‘deprecate’ it before changing it. The change is being made in order to have consistency as to the meaning of ‘destroy’ or ‘delete’ across the different types of associations. If you wish to destroy the records themselves, you can do records.association.each(&:destroy).

• Add :bulk => true option to change_table to make all the schema changes defined in a block using a single ALTER statement.

change_table(:users, :bulk => true) do |t|

t.string :company_name

t.change :birthdate, :datetime

end

• Removed support for accessing attributes on a has_and_belongs_to_many join table. has_many :through needs to be used.

• Added a create_association! method for has_one and belongs_to associations.

• Migrations are now reversible可逆, meaning that Rails will figure out how to reverse your migrations. To use reversible migrations, just define the change method.

class MyMigration < ActiveRecord::Migration

def change

create_table(:horses) do

t.column :content, :text

t.column :remind_at, :datetime

end

end

end

• Some things cannot be automatically reversed for you. If you know how to reverse those things, you should define up and down in your migration. If you define something in change that cannot be reversed, an IrreversibleMigration exception will be raised when going down.

• Migrations now use instance methods rather than class methods:

class FooMigration < ActiveRecord::Migration

def up # Not self.up

…

end

end

• Migration files generated from model and constructive migration generators (for example, add_name_to_users) use the reversible migration’s change method instead of the ordinary up and down methods.

• Removed support for interpolating插值string SQL conditions on associations. Instead, a proc should be used.

has_many :things, :conditions => ‘foo = #{bar}’ # before

has_many :things, :conditions => proc { “foo = #{bar}” } # after

 

Inside the proc, self is the object which is the owner of the association, unless you are eager loading the association, in which case self is the class which the association is within.

You can have any “normal” conditions inside the proc, so the following will work too:

has_many :things, :conditions => proc { [“foo = ?”, bar] }

 

• Previously :insert_sql and :delete_sql on has_and_belongs_to_many association allowed you to call ‘record’ to get the record being inserted or deleted. This is now passed as an argument to the proc.

• Added ActiveRecord::Base#has_secure_password (via ActiveModel::SecurePassword) to encapsulate dead-simple password usage with BCrypt encryption and salting.

Schema: User(name:string, password_digest:string, password_salt:string)

class User < ActiveRecord::Base

has_secure_password

end

 

• When a model is generated add_index is added by default for belongs_to or references columns.

• Setting the id of a belongs_to object will update the reference to the object.

• ActiveRecord::Base#dup and ActiveRecord::Base#clone semantics语义have changed to closer match normal Ruby dup and clone semantics.

• Calling ActiveRecord::Base#clone will result in a shallow copy of the record, including copying the frozen state. No callbacks will be called.

• Calling ActiveRecord::Base#dup will duplicate the record, including calling after initialize hooks. Frozen state will not be copied, and all associations will be cleared. A duped record will return true for new_record?, have a nil id field, and is saveable.

• The query cache now works with prepared statements. No changes in the applications are required.

7 Active Model

• attr_accessible accepts an option :as to specify a role.

• InclusionValidator, ExclusionValidator, and FormatValidator now accepts an option which can be a proc, a lambda, or anything that respond to call. This option will be called with the current record as an argument and returns an object which respond to include? for InclusionValidator and ExclusionValidator, and returns a regular expression object for FormatValidator.

• Added ActiveModel::SecurePassword to encapsulate dead-simple password usage with BCrypt encryption and salting.

• ActiveModel::AttributeMethods allows attributes to be defined on demand.

• Added support for selectively enabling and disabling observers.

• Alternate I18n namespace lookup is no longer supported.

8 Active Resource

• The default format has been changed to JSON for all requests. If you want to continue to use XML you will need to set self.format = :xml in the class. For example,

class User < ActiveResource::Base

self.format = :xml

end

9 Active Support

• ActiveSupport::Dependencies now raises NameError if it finds an existing constant in load_missing_constant.

• Added a new reporting method Kernel#quietly which silences both STDOUT and STDERR.

• Added String#inquiry as a convenience method for turning a String into a StringInquirer object.

• Added Object#in? to test if an object is included in another object.

• LocalCache strategy is now a real middleware class and no longer an anonymous class.

• ActiveSupport::Dependencies::ClassCache class has been introduced for holding references to reloadable classes.

• ActiveSupport::Dependencies::Reference has been refactored to take direct advantage of the new ClassCache.

• Backports Range#cover? as an alias for Range#include? in Ruby 1.8.

• Added weeks_ago and prev_week to Date/DateTime/Time.

• Added before_remove_const callback to ActiveSupport::Dependencies.remove_unloadable_constants!.

Deprecations:

• ActiveSupport::SecureRandom is deprecated in favor of SecureRandom from the Ruby standard library.

10 Credits

See the fulllistofcontributorstoRails for the many people who spent many hours making Rails, the stable and robust framework it is. Kudos to all of them.

Rails 3.1 Release Notes were compiled by VijayDev.

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